Near equatorial paleoclimatic evolution and control on organic matter accumulation during the Cenomanian in the Abu Gharadig Basin, southern Tethys
- Author(s)
- Ahmed Mansour, Thomas Gentzis, Sameh S. Tahoun, Mohamed S. Ahmed, Susanne Gier, Humberto Carvajal-Ortiz, Jacob Neumann, Xiugen Fu, Jian Wang
- Abstract
The beginning of the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) attested to a major marine transgression interrupted by sea level falls in north Africa, which led to significant environmental perturbation and widespread accumulation of organic matter-rich sediments. During this period, northern Egypt was located at the southern edge of the Tethys Ocean and deposition of thick siliciclastic alternations between shales, siltstones, and sandstones of the Bahariya Formation took place in the BED2 gas field of the Abu Gharadig Basin, north Western Desert. An integrated approach of palynofacies analysis and palynomorph composition, organic petrography, and geochemical analysis of total organic carbon (TOC)/Rock-Eval pyrolysis, carbonate content, XRD analysis, and clay mineralogy of thirty-nine cutting samples obtained from the lower-middle Cenomanian Bahariya Formation was conducted. This approach was used to characterize organic matter and possible occurrence of source rock intervals, paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions and their role in organic matter accumulation. Moderate to high proportions of pteridophyte and water fern spores and pollen grains of Araucariaceae (Araucariacites), Cheirolepidiaceae (mainly Classopollis), and Gnetalean (Elaterate pollen) and Afropollis versus the sparsely recorded xerophilous ephedroids (Ephedripites) indicate prevalent conditions of a warm and humid climate. This is consistent with clay mineral composition that is dominated mainly by kaolinite and smectite compared to low illite and the lack of chlorite, which indicated a predominantly warm-humid climate state. Palynofacies analysis showed two assemblages; the first one is dominated by phytoclasts and indicates gas-prone Type III kerogen and deposition in a fluvio-deltaic environment. The second palynofacies assemblage is characterized by moderate abundance of phytoclasts and AOM mostly of terrestrial origin, suggesting a mixed Type III/II kerogen and deposition in a marginal to shallow neritic shelf environment. The organic geochemical characterization showed relatively low average values of TOC, S2, and HI, indicating that the Bahariya Formation is characterized by Type III gas-prone kerogen. Thermal maturity of the Bahariya Formation ranges from immature to the early stage of the oil window. Additionally, organic matter characteristics of the Bahariya Formation are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to their equivalents from nearby basins. Low TOC contents are attributed to a high sedimentation rate and an increased terrestrial input of sand- and silt-sized fractions at shallow water column settings that controlled strong dilution and decomposition versus low burial efficiency of the organic matter.
- Organisation(s)
- Department of Geology
- External organisation(s)
- Southwest Petroleum University, Minya University, Core Labs Inc, Cairo University, King Saud University
- Journal
- International Journal of Coal Geology
- Volume
- 270
- ISSN
- 0166-5162
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2023.104221
- Publication date
- 04-2023
- Peer reviewed
- Yes
- Austrian Fields of Science 2012
- 105121 Sedimentology
- Keywords
- ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Fuel Technology, Geology, Economic Geology, Stratigraphy
- Sustainable Development Goals
- SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water
- Portal url
- https://ucrisportal.univie.ac.at/en/publications/955ac666-39e7-4022-bb26-bd44cd2e38af